Parasitaphelenchidae lilin zhao, a wei wei, a xinzhong liu, b le kang, a jianghua sun a a state key laboratory of integrated management of pest insects and rodents, institute of zoology, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 80, p. Pine wood nematode pwn, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a causal organism to induce pine wilt disease pwd in many varieties of pine trees. The pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is an important plantparasitic nematode responsible for the development of the pine wilt disease and recognised as a major forest pest. Sutherland pacifie forestry centre, natural resources canada, \ficoria, b. This is the first gene of this type from any nematode species. In this paper, we performed abc analyses to shed light on the pinewood nematode. This disease involves very complicated interactions between a pathogenic nematode, its vector beetle, host pine species, and fungi in dead hosts. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, clustered under pinewood nematodes pwn, is a migratory endoparasitic nematode known to cause severe environmental damage.
The pinewood nematode pwn, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease pwd, which is a major problem in east asia and west europe. Quick identification of pwn is needed to prevent the dispersal of pwd to healthy forests. The pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in. The pinewood nematodes bursaphelenchus xylophilus and b. Recently pwd is newly reported in korean pine tree pinus koraien. Download document download document share download document download document. Comparison of bursaphelenchus xylophilus with similar species. Ltd, tokyo, japan, based on loopmediated isothermal amplification lamp. Two fumigation trials were conducted for treatment. Pdf first detection of bursaphelenchus xylophilus associated with. Genes homologous to members of the mrp gene family in caenorhabditis elegans are important in drug resistance. A novel rapid sampling method for pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus nematoda. Genomic insights into the origin of parasitism in the. The distributions of pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus in host pine seedlings shown by the nested pcr.
Most are obligate mycophages, but some feed on wood, with two species, the red ring nematode b. Pine wilt disease, caused by the pine wood nematode pwn. To further explore the molecular mechanism of drug resistance in pine wood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus, we used bioinformatics approaches to analyze genomic data for b. Distribution and reproduction ofbursaphelenchus xylophilus populations in wood and bark ofwestern north american conifers thomas a. Effect of methyl bromide on bursaphelenchus xylophilus in.
Multifaceted approach for differentiating isolates of. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was first described in, and is perhaps native to, north america. Life cycle of bursaphelenchus xylophilus provided by p. We report the cloning and functional characterization of an endo. Agricultural and forest entomology 2014, 16, 196206 doi. Vectors of this nematode are longhorned beetles especially those belonging to the genus monochamus. Comparison of ethanedinitrile c2n2 and metam sodium for. The japanese pine sawyer beetle as the vector of pine wilt disease. Bioinformatics analysis of structure and function in the. Pdf pathogenicity of aseptic bursaphelenchus xylophilus. In this study, we evaluated the nematicidal activity of natural ester compounds against the pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, to identify candidates for the development of novel, safe nematicides. Among those, the bursaphelenchus xylophilus detection kit nippon gene co. General information about bursaphelenchus xylophilus bursxy name language. Text is available under the creative commons attributionsharealike license.
We show that a similar cdna is also present in another closely related species b. Molecular and biochemical characterization of an endo. The pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, recognized as a worldwide major forest pest, is a migratory endoparasitic nematode with capacity to feed on pine tissues and also on fungi. Pm90016 bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vectors. Since that first report, bursaphelenchus xylophilus has been found in 36 states, including all the great plains states except for north dakota. The pinewood nematode pwn bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of the pine wilt disease pwd, enters aboveground parts of the tree, migrates through the resin canals and feeds on plant cells causing extensive damage. Pathogenic variability among populations of the pinewood. Ayres, erich vallery, christopher young and douglas a. A nested pcrbased method for detecting the pine wood. It invades the tracheal system of beetle species of the genus monochamus and is vectored. Cysteine proteases secreted by the pinewood nematode.
The pine wood nematode pwn bursaphelenchus xylophilus endemic, with minor damage, to north america, was introduced in japan in the early xx century and then spread to asia china and korea in the 1980s. Survival of bursaphelenchus xylophilus in wood chips. After devastating vast areas of pine forests in asian countries, the pine wilt disease spread into european forests in 1999 and is causing worldwide concern. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pine wood nematode, is an. The disease has caused significant economic losses and damage to forests. The production of the pine tree secondary metabolite gradually increases in response to a b. Bursaphelenchus is a genus of nematodes roundworms in the order aphelenchida. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus an overview sciencedirect. Quantitative genetic methods, such as approximate bayesian computation abc, have brought this improvement up a notch and are now essential tools to decipher the invasion routes of any invasive species. Pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus annual. In order to penetrate the cell wall and establish a parasitic relationship with host trees, the pwn needs to secretea mixture of active cell wall degrading enzymes. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is fatal to the pine trees around the world. Assessments of iodoindoles and abamectin as inducers of. Our results showed that volatile organic compounds vocs caused 64.
Cystatins are involved in various biological processes where they regulate normal proteolysis and also play a role in pathogenicity, but their functions in b. If the inline pdf is not rendering correctly, you can download the pdf file here. The pine wood nematode pwn bursaphelenchus xylophilus steiner and buhrer nickle is the causal agent of the pine wilt disease, and a quarantine organism within the european union. The pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus steiner and buhrer, 1934 nickle 1970, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus stei ner and bu h rer n ickle b. Pathogenicity of the pine wood nematode is determined not only by its physical and chemical. Pwd was first introduced to korea in 1988 but, the damage has been dramatically increased since 2000. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the nematode responsible for a devastating epidemic of pine wilt disease in asia and europe, and represents a recent, independent origin of plant parasitism in nematodes, ecologically and taxonomically distinct from other nematodes for which genomic data is available. We also tested the nematicidal activity of synthesized analogues of these ester compounds to determine the structureactivity relationship. One of the unintended consequences of the globalization of trade has been an increase in the frequency of introductions and the numbers of exotic species intercepted at.
Nested pcr to detect bursaphelenchus xylophilus in wood fig. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is killed by homologues of 21. Attraction of the bursaphelenchus xylophilus nematode toward 18 volatiles of pinus species was evaluated by a petridish bioassay under laboratory conditions to develop a rapid diagnostic kit. Identification and pathogenicity of bursaphelenchus species core. This page was last edited on 12 december 2019, at 20. The introduction of this nematode into japan had devastating effects on the native pines in that country. Snt 34002012 standard english pdf version download,china. Sampling design for efficient detection of pine wood. Molecular biological characterization of bursaphelenchus. Given that bursaphelenchus species are usually hard to distinguish from one. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a major threat to global pine forest ecosystems in locations, including japan, korea, china, taiwan, portugal, and spain 1,2. The pinewood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the causative agent of pine wilt disease. Ijms free fulltext comparative transcriptome analysis.
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of pine wilt disease, is a destructive threat to pine forests. Pm 91 6 bursaphelenchus xylophilus and its vectors. Population genetics have been greatly beneficial to improve knowledge about biological invasions. This pathogenic organism was detected in portugal in 1999. The global impact of the presence of the pwn and its likelihood of invading different parts of the world are of increasing economic concern 1,2. It occurs in much of the united states, canada, and mexico. Migration of the pine wood nematode pwn, bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in susceptible and resistant pines was investigated at the tissue level. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, commonly known as pine wood nematode or pine wilt nematode pwn, is a species of nematode that infects pine trees and causes the disease pine wilt. Pinewood nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus pest risk analysis october 2004 pdf, 4.
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pinewood nematode pwn, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease, one of the most damaging emerging pest problems to forests around the world. Longdistance dispersal of the nematode and its vectors led to widespread losses in pine forests. The bursaphelenchus xylophilus whole genome shotgun wgs project has the project accession cadv00000000. The bursaphelenchus xylophilus, commonly known as pinewood nematode in japan, is a quarantine pest and is most often associated with beetles of the genus monochamus, the pine sawyers, particularly monochamus alternatus. Pine wilt disease pwd, which is caused by the nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has been devastating japanese pine. Fpyf3050, were evaluated against the pine wood nematode pwn, bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Kondo e, foudin a, linit m, smith m, bolla r, winter r, dropkin v, 1982. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pine wood nematode, is an eppo a2 pest. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, pine wood nematode host and distribution pine wood nematode b.
The pine wood nematode, bursaphelenchus xylophilus steiner and buhrer, 1934 nickle 1970, is the. Nematode bursaphelenchus xylophilus by deep scienceopen. First detection of bursaphelenchus xylophilus associated with pinus nigra in portugal. Geographical variation in seasonality and life history of. Natural volatiles released by the fungus, annulohypoxylon sp. Download fulltext pdf download fulltext pdf pathogenicity of aseptic bursaphelenchus xylophilus article pdf available in plos one 75. Migration of bursaphelenchus xylophilus in cortical and. Pdf on feb 1, 2020, martijn schenk and others published pest survey card on bursaphelenchus xylophilus find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Annual international research conference on methyl bromide alternatives and emissions reductions 2000, p. In 1999 it was detected for the first time in portugal, where, due to timely detection and immediate government action, it was initially. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the pathogen that causes pine wilt disease pwd. Various detection methods of pwn have been developed using anatomical characters and molecular markers.
This version of the project 01 has the accession number cadv0000, and consists of sequences cadv0001cadv01010432. Second revision approved on 201209 introduction bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the pine wood nematode, is an eppo a2 pest. Molecular characterization and development of realtime. Detection of bursaphelenchus xylophilus, causal agent of pine wilt disease on pinus pinaster in northwestern spain.
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